England, John "Lackland" King of

Notes:

https://www.royal.uk/john-lackland

John was an able administrator interested in law and government but he neither trusted others nor was trusted by them. Heavy taxation, disputes with the Church (John was excommunicated by the Pope in 1209) and unsuccessful attempts to recover his French possessions made him unpopular. Many of his barons rebelled, and in June 1215 they forced King John to sign a peace treaty accepting their reforms.

This treaty, later known as Magna Carta, limited royal powers, defined feudal obligations between the King and the barons, and guaranteed a number of rights. The most influential clauses concerned the freedom of the Church; the redress of grievances of owners and tenants of land; the need to consult the Great Council of the Realm so as to prevent unjust taxation; mercantile and trading relationships; regulation of the machinery of justice so that justice be denied to no one; and the requirement to control the behaviour of royal officials. The most important clauses established the basis of habeas corpus ('you have the body'), i.e. that no one shall be imprisoned except by due process of law, and that 'to no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay right or justice'. The Charter also established a council of barons who were to ensure that the Sovereign observed the Charter, with the right to wage war on him if he did not.

Magna Carta was the first formal document insisting that the Sovereign was as much under the rule of law as his people, and that the rights of individuals were to be upheld even against the wishes of the sovereign. As a source of fundamental constitutional principles, Magna Carta came to be seen as an important definition of aspects of English law, and in later centuries as the basis of the liberties of the English people.

As a peace treaty Magna Carta was a failure and the rebels invited Louis of France to become their king. When John died in 1216 England was in the grip of civil war and his 9 year old son, Henry III, became King.

Family/Spouse: Ferrers, Agatha De. Agatha (daughter of Ferrieres, Seigneur of Ferrieres Walkelin (William) De and Braose, Sybil De) was born about 1168 in Of, Charltey, Staffordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Gifford, Matilda. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Fitzwarin, Concubine #1 Hawisa. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Mrs-John, Concubine of England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Warrene, CONCUBINE #5 Miss De. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: England, Mrs-John Concubine of. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: England, Mrs-John Concubine of. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: England, Mrs-John Concubine of. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: De Warrene, Miss. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: England, Mrs-John Concubine of. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: England, Mrs-John Concubine of. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: England, Mrs-John Concubine of. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: England, Mrs-John Concubine of. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: England, Mrs-John Concubine of. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: England, Mrs-John Concubine of. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

John married Fitzrobert, COUNTESS OF MORTAIN, GLOU Isabel on 29 Aug 1189 in Marlborough, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. Isabel (daughter of Fitzrobert, Earl of Gloucester William "Mafonache" and Leicester, Countess of Gloucester Hawise "De Beaumont" of) was born about 1170 in Of, Gloucestershire, England; died on 14 Oct 1217 in Kent, England; was buried in Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

John married Taillefer, QUEEN OF ENGLAND Isabella De on 26 Aug 1200 in , Bordeaux, Gironde, France. Isabella (daughter of Taillefer, COUNT OF ANGOULEME Aymer De and Courtenay, Alice De) was born about 1180 in Of, Angouleme, Charente, France; died on 31 May 1245 in Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, France; was buried in Fontevrault Abbey, Fontevrault, Maine-et-Loire, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

John married Plantagenet, CONCUBINE 10 OF ENGLAND Miss in Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

John married Plantagenet, CONCUBINE 10 OF ENGLAND Miss in Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England. Miss (daughter of Plantagenet, Hamelin and Warenne, Isabel De) was born about 1170 in Of, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

John married Plantagenet, CONCUBINE 10 OF ENGLAND Miss in Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England. Miss (daughter of Plantagenet, Hamelin and Warenne, Isabel De) was born about 1170 in Of, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

John married Plantagenet, CONCUBINE 10 OF ENGLAND Miss in Kings Manor House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Joan married Iorwerth, PRINCE OF WALES Llewelyn Ap after 16 Apr 1205 in England. Llewelyn (son of Owain, Iorwerth "Drwyndwn" Ap and Madog, Margred Verch) was born in 1173 in Aberffraw Castle, Caernarvonshire, Wales; died on 11 Apr 1240 in Aberconwy, Arllechwedd Isaf, Caernarvonshire, Wales. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Provence, QUEEN OF ENGLAND Eléonore (Léonor) Countess of on 14 Jan 1236 in Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England. Eléonore (daughter of Provence & Forcalquier, Raymond Bérenger V (Iv) and Savoie, COUNTESS OF SAVOY Béatrice De) was born about 1217 in Of, Aix-en-Provence, Provence; died on 24 Jun 1291 in , Amesbury, Wiltshire, England; was buried on 11 Sep 1291 in Monastery, Amesbury, Wiltshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Richard married Marshall, COUNTESS OF CORNWALL Isabel on 30 Mar 1231 in , Fawley, Buckinghamshire, England. Isabel (daughter of Marshall, EARL OF PEMBROKE William and Clare, COUNTESS OF PEMB Isabel Fitzgilbert De) was born in in Of, Pembrokeshire, Wales; was christened in Apr 1206 in , St. David's, Pembrokeshire, Wales; died on 16 Jan 1240 in , Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, England; was buried in , Beaulieu, Southampton, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Valletort, Joan or Jane De. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Richard married Provence, Sancha Countess of on 23 Nov 1243 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. Sancha (daughter of Provence & Forcalquier, Raymond Bérenger V (Iv) and Savoie, COUNTESS OF SAVOY Béatrice De) was born about 1225 in Of Aix En Provence, Provence; died on 9 Nov 1261 in , Berkhamstead, Hertfordshire, England; was buried in Hailes Abbey, Hailes, Gloucestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Richard married Valkenburg, Beatrix Van on 16 Jun 1269 in , Kaiserslautern, Rhein-Pfalz, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Joane married Scotland, Alexander Ii King of on 19 Jun 1221 in , York, Yorkshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Isabel married Holy Roman Empire, EMPEROR OF GERMANY Friedrich Ii Emperor of The on 20 Jul 1235 in , Worms, Rhinehessen, Hesse-Darmstadt. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Eleanor married Marshall, EARL OF PEMBROKE William on 23 Apr 1224. William (son of Marshall, EARL OF PEMBROKE William and Clare, COUNTESS OF PEMB Isabel Fitzgilbert De) was born in May 1198 in Of, Pembroke, Pembrokeshire, Wales; died on 11 Apr 1222 in Sp; was buried on 15 Apr 1231 in Temple Church, London, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Eleanor married Montfort, EARL OF LEICESTER Simon V De on 7 Jan 1238 in Ststephen Chaple, Westminster, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Elen married Mar, Donald Earl of about 1269 in Of, Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Donald (son of William, Earl of Mar and Comyn, Elizabeth) was born in in Of, Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; died after 25 Jul 1297. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Quincy, Robert De. Robert (son of Saher, EARL OF WINCHESTM De Quincy Iv and Harcourt, Cntss Of Wnchstr Margaret De) was born in in Of, Winchester, (Buckley), Hampshire, England; was christened in 1219; died in Aug 1257 in Spm , London, Middlesex, England; was buried in Hospitallers, Clerkenwell, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Quincy, Robert De. Robert (son of Saher, EARL OF WINCHESTM De Quincy Iv and Harcourt, Cntss Of Wnchstr Margaret De) was born in in Of, Winchester, (Buckley), Hampshire, England; was christened in 1219; died in Aug 1257 in Spm , London, Middlesex, England; was buried in Hospitallers, Clerkenwell, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Elen married Scot Of Huntingdon Earl Of Chester, John Le in 1222. John (son of Huntingdon, PRINCE OF SCOTLAND David Earl of and Meschines, COUNTESS OF HUNTINGDON Maud De) was born about 1207 in Of, Huntingdon, Huntingdonshire, Scotland; died on 5 Jun 1237 in Sp, Darnal, Yorkshire, England; was buried in St Werburg, Chester, Cheshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Elen married Macduff, Earl Of Fife Malcolm before 1269 in Of, North Wales. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Lacy, William De. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Dafydd married Braose, Isabella De about 1231. Isabella was born about 1238 in Of Bramber, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Dafydd married Braose, Isabella De about 1231. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Margred married Braose (Breuse), LORD OF BRAMBER & GOWER John De in 1219. John (son of Braose, William De and Clare, Maud De) was born about 1198 in Of, Bramber, Sussex, England; died on 18 Jul 1232 in , Bramber, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Margred married Clifford, KNIGHT Walter De about 1232 in Of, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Margred married Clifford, KNIGHT Walter De about 1232 in Of, Sussex, England. Walter (son of Clifford, Walter De and Cundy, Agnes De) was born about 1186 in Of Clifford Castle, Herefordshire, England; died in in Clifford Castle, Clifford, Herefordshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Margred married Clifford, KNIGHT Walter De about 1232 in Of, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Margred married Braose (Breuse), LORD OF BRAMBER & GOWER John De in 1219. John (son of Braose, William De and Clare, Maud De) was born about 1198 in Of, Bramber, Sussex, England; died on 18 Jul 1232 in , Bramber, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Maelgwn, Maelgwn "Ieuanc" ("fychan") Ap. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Ifor, Philip Ap. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Caentwn, William. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Born in June 1239 at Westminster, Edward was named by his father Henry III after the last Anglo Saxon king (and his father's favourite saint), Edward the Confessor.

Edward's parents were renowned for their patronage of the arts (his mother, Eleanor of Provence, encouraged Henry III to spend money on the arts, which included the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey and a still-extant magnificent shrine to house the body of Edward the Confessor). As a result, Edward received a disciplined education - reading and writing in Latin and French, with training in the arts, sciences and music.

In 1254, Edward travelled to Spain for an arranged marriage at the age of 15 to 9-year-old Eleanor of Castile. Just before Edward's marriage, Henry III gave him the duchy of Gascony, one of the few remnants of the once vast French possessions of the English Angevin kings.

Gascony was part of a package which included parts of Ireland, the Channel Islands and the King's lands in Wales to provide an income for Edward. Edward then spent a year in Gascony, studying its administration.

Edward spent his young adulthood learning harsh lessons from Henry III's failures as a king, culminating in a civil war in which he fought to defend his father. Henry's ill-judged and expensive intervention in Sicilian affairs (lured by the Pope's offer of the Sicilian crown to Henry's second son, Edmund) failed, and aroused the anger of powerful barons including Henry's brother-in-law Simon de Montfort.

Bankrupt and threatened with excommunication, Henry was forced to agree to the Provisions of Oxford in 1258, under which his debts were paid in exchange for substantial reforms; a Great Council of 24, partly nominated by the barons, assumed the functions of the King's Council.

Henry repudiated the Provisions in 1261 and sought the help of the French king Louis IX (later known as St Louis for his piety and other qualities). This was the only time Edward was tempted to side with his charismatic and politically ruthless godfather Simon de Montfort - he supported holding a Parliament in his father's absence.

However, by the time Louis IX decided to side with Henry in the dispute and civil war broke out in England in 1263, Edward had returned to his father's side and became de Montfort's greatest enemy.

After winning the battle of Lewes in 1264 (after which Edward became a hostage to ensure his father abided by the terms of the peace), de Montfort summoned the Great Parliament in 1265 - this was the first time cities and burghs sent representatives to the parliament. (Historians differ as to whether de Montfort was an enlightened liberal reformer or an unscrupulous opportunist using any means to advance himself.)

In May 1265, Edward escaped from tight supervision whilst hunting. On 4 August, Edward and his allies outmanoeuvred de Montfort in a savage battle at Evesham; de Montfort predicted his own defeat and death 'let us commend our souls to God, because our bodies are theirs ... they are approaching wisely, they learned this from me.'

With the end of the civil war, Edward worked hard at social and political reconciliation between his father and the rebels, and by 1267 the realm had been pacified.

In April 1270 Parliament agreed an unprecedented levy of one-twentieth of every citizen's goods and possessions to finance Edward's Crusade to the Holy Lands. Edward left England in August 1270 to join the highly respected French king Louis IX on Crusade.

At a time when popes were using the crusading ideal to further their own political ends in Italy and elsewhere, Edward and King Louis were the last crusaders in the medieval tradition of aiming to recover the Holy Lands.

Louis died of the plague in Tunis before Edward's arrival, and the French forces were bought off from pursuing their campaign. Edward decided to continue regardless: 'by the blood of God, though all my fellow soldiers and countrymen desert me, I will enter Acre ... and I will keep my word and my oath to the death'.

Edward arrived in Acre in May 1271 with 1,000 knights; his crusade was to prove an anticlimax. Edward's small force limited him to the relief of Acre and a handful of raids, and divisions amongst the international force of Christian Crusaders led to Edward's compromise truce with the Baibars.

In June 1272, Edward survived a murder attempt by an Assassin (an order of Shi'ite Muslims) and left for Sicily later in the year. He was never to return on crusade.

Meanwhile, Henry III died on 16 November 1272. Edward succeeded to the throne without opposition - given his track record in military ability and his proven determination to give peace to the country, enhanced by his magnified exploits on crusade.

In Edward's absence, a proclamation in his name delcared that he had succeeded by hereditary right, and the barons swore allegeiance to him. Edward finally arrived in London in August 1274 and was crowned at Westminster Abbey. Aged 35, he was a veteran warrior ('the best lance in all the world', according to contemporaries), a leader with energy and vision, and with a formidable temper.

Edward was determined to enforce English kings' claims to primacy in the British Isles. The first part of his reign was dominated by Wales. At that time, Wales consisted of a number of disunited small Welsh princedoms; the South Welsh princes were in uneasy alliance with the Marcher lords (feudal earldoms and baronies set up by the Norman kings to protect the English border against Welsh raids) against the Northern Welsh based in the rocky wilds of Gwynedd, under the strong leadership of Llywelyn ap Gruffyd, Prince of Gwynedd.

In 1247, under the Treaty of Woodstock, Llywelyn had agreed that he held North Wales in fee to the English king. By 1272, Llywelyn had taken advantage of the English civil wars to consolidate his position, and the Peace of Montgomery (1267) had confirmed his title as Prince of Wales and recognised his conquests.

However, Llywelyn maintained that the rights of his principality were 'entirely separate from the rights' of England; he did not attend Edward's coronation and refused to do homage. Finally, in 1277 Edward decided to fight Llywelyn 'as a rebel and disturber of the peace', and quickly defeated him. War broke out again in 1282 when Llywelyn joined his brother David in rebellion.

Edward's determination, military experience and skilful use of ships brought from England for deployment along the North Welsh coast, drove Llywelyn back into the mountains of North Wales. The death of Llywelyn in a chance battle in 1282 and the subsequent execution of his brother David effectively ended attempts at Welsh independence.

Under the Statute of Wales of 1284, Wales was brought into the English legal framework and the shire system was extended. In the same year, a son was born in Wales to Edward and Queen Eleanor (also named Edward, this future king was proclaimed the first English Prince of Wales in 1301).

The Welsh campaign had produced one of the largest armies ever assembled by an English king - some 15,000 infantry (including 9,000 Welsh and a Gascon contingent); the army was a formidable combination of heavy Anglo-Norman cavalry and Welsh archers, whose longbow skills laid the foundations of later military victories in France such as that at Agincourt.

As symbols of his military strength and political authority, Edward spent some £80,000 on a network of castles and lesser strongholds in North Wales, employing a work-force of up to 3,500 men drawn from all over England. (Some castles, such as Conway and Caernarvon, remain in their ruined layouts today, as examples of fortresses integrated with fortified towns.)

Edward's campaign in Wales was based on his determination to ensure peace and extend royal authority, and it had broad support in England. Edward saw the need to widen support among lesser landowners and the merchants and traders of the towns. The campaigns in Wales, France and Scotland left Edward deeply in debt, and the taxation required to meet those debts meant enrolling national support for his policies.

To raise money, Edward summoned Parliament - up to 1286 he summoned Parliaments twice a year. (The word 'Parliament' came from the 'parley' or talks which the King had with larger groups of advisers.) In 1295, when money was needed to wage war against Philip of France (who had confiscated the duchy of Gascony), Edward summoned the most comprehensive assembly ever summoned in England.

This became known as the Model Parliament, for it represented various estates: barons, clergy, and knights and townspeople. By the end of Edward's reign, Parliament usually contained representatives of all these estates.

Edward used his royal authority to establish the rights of the Crown at the expense of traditional feudal privileges, to promote the uniform administration of justice, to raise income to meet the costs of war and government, and to codify the legal system.

In doing so, his methods emphasised the role of Parliament and the common law. With the able help of his Chancellor, Robert Burnell, Bishop of Bath and Wells, Edward introduced much new legislation.

He began by commissioning a thorough survey of local government (with the results entered into documents known as the Hundred Rolls), which not only defined royal rights and possessions but also revealed administrative abuses.

The First Statute of Westminster (1275) codified 51 existing laws - many originating from Magna Carta - covering areas ranging from extortion by royal officers, lawyers and bailiffs, methods of procedure in civil and criminal cases to freedom of elections.

Edward's first Parliament also enacted legislation on wool, England's most important export at the time. At the request of the merchants, Edward was given a customs grant on wool and hides which amounted to nearly £10,000 a year. Edward also obtained income from the licence fees imposed by the Statute of Mortmain (1279), under which gifts of land to the Church (often made to evade death duties) had to have a royal licence.

The Statutes of Gloucester (1278) and Quo Warranto (1290) attempted to define and regulate feudal jurisdictions, which were an obstacle to royal authority and to a uniform system of justice for all; the Statute of Winchester (1285) codified the policing system for preserving public order.

Other statutes had a long-term effect on land law and on the feudal framework in England. The Second Statute of Westminster (1285) restricted the alienation of land and kept entailed estates within families: tenants were only tenants for life and not able to sell the property to others. The Third Statute of Westminster or Quia Emptores (1290) stopped subinfeudation (in which tenants of land belonging to the King or to barons subcontracted their properties and related feudal services).

Edward's assertion that the King of Scotland owed feudal allegiance to him, and the embittered Anglo-Scottish relations leading to war which followed, were to overshadow the rest of Edward's reign in what was to become known as the 'Great Cause'.

Under a treaty of 1174, William the Lion of Scotland had become the vassal to Henry II, but in 1189 Richard I had absolved William from his allegiance. Intermarriage between the English and Scottish royal houses promoted peace between the two countries until the premature death of Alexander III in 1286.

In 1290, his granddaughter and heiress, Margaret the 'Maid of Norway' (daughter of the King of Norway, she was pledged to be married to Edward's then only surviving son, Edward of Caernarvon), also died.

For Edward, this dynastic blow was made worse by the death in the same year of his much-loved wife Eleanor (her body was ceremonially carried from Lincoln to Westminster for burial, and a memorial cross erected at every one of the twelve resting places, including what became known as Charing Cross in London).

In the absence of an obvious heir to the Scottish throne, the disunited Scottish magnates invited Edward to determine the dispute. In order to gain acceptance of his authority in reaching a verdict, Edward sought and obtained recognition from the rival claimants that he had the 'sovereign lordship of Scotland and the right to determine our several pretensions'.

In November 1292, Edward and his 104 assessors gave the whole kingdom to John Balliol or Baliol as the claimant closest to the royal line; Balliol duly swore loyalty to Edward and was crowned at Scone.

John Balliol's position proved difficult. Edward insisted that Scotland was not independent and he, as sovereign lord, had the right to hear in England appeals against Balliol's judgements in Scotland.

In 1294, Balliol lost authority amongst Scottish magnates by going to Westminster after receiving a summons from Edward; the magnates decided to seek allies in France and concluded the 'Auld Alliance' with France (then at war with England over the duchy of Gascony) - an alliance which was to influence Scottish history for the next 300 years.

In March 1296, having failed to negotiate a settlement, the English led by Edward sacked the city of Berwick near the River Tweed. Balliol formally renounced his homage to Edward in April 1296, speaking of 'grievous and intolerable injuries ... for instance by summoning us outside our realm ... as your own whim dictated ... and so ... we renounce the fealty and homage which we have done to you'.

Pausing to design and start the rebuilding of Berwick as the financial capital of the country, Edward's forces overran remaining Scottish resistance. Scots leaders were taken hostage, and Edinburgh Castle, amongst others, was seized. Balliol surrendered his realm and spent the rest of his life in exile in England and Normandy.

Having humiliated Balliol, Edward's insensitive policies in Scotland continued: he appointed a trio of Englishmen to run the country. Edward had the Stone of Scone - also known as the Stone of Destiny - on which Scottish sovereigns had been crowned removed to London and subsequently placed in the Coronation Chair in Westminster Abbey (where it remained until it was returned to Scotland in 1996). Edward never built stone castles on strategic sites in Scotland, as he had done so successfully in Wales - possibly because he did not have the funds for another ambitious castle-building programme.

By 1297, Edward was facing the biggest crisis in his reign, and his commitments outweighed his resources. Chronic debts were being incurred by wars against France, in Flanders, Gascony and Wales as well as Scotland; the clergy were refusing to pay their share of the costs, with the Archbishop of Canterbury threatening excommunication; Parliament was reluctant to contribute to Edward's expensive and unsuccessful military policies; the Earls of Hereford and Norfolk refused to serve in Gascony, and the barons presented a formal statement of their grievances.

In the end, Edward was forced to reconfirm the Charters (including Magna Carta) to obtain the money he required; the Archbishop was eventually suspended in 1306 by the new Gascon Pope Clement V; a truce was declared with France in 1297, followed by a peace treaty in 1303 under which the French king restored the duchy of Gascony to Edward.

In Scotland, Edward pursued a series of campaigns from 1298 onwards. William Wallace had risen in Balliol's name and recovered most of Scotland, before being defeated by Edward at the battle of Falkirk in 1298. Wallace escaped, only to be captured in 1305, allegedly by the treachery of a fellow Scot and taken to London, where he was executed.

In 1304, Edward summoned a full Parliament (which elected Scottish representatives also attended), in which arrangements for the settlement of Scotland were made. The new government in Scotland featured a Council, which included Robert the Bruce. Bruce unexpectedly rebelled in 1306 by killing a fellow counsellor and was crowned king of Scotland at Scone. Despite his failing health, Edward was carried north to pursue another campaign, but he died en route at Burgh on Sands on 7 July 1307 aged 68, succeeded by his son, Edward II.

According to chroniclers, Edward requested that his bones should be carried on Scottish campaigns and that his heart be taken to the Holy Land. However, Edward was buried at Westminster Abbey in a plain black marble tomb, which in later years was painted with the words Scottorum malleus (Hammer of the Scots) and Pactum serva (Keep troth).

Throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Exchequer paid to keep candles burning 'round the body of the Lord Edward, formerly King of England, of famous memory'.

Image: Edward I of England with his brother-in-law, Alexander III, on his right hand side. The Royal Arms of Scotland can be seen above Alexander's head

The Royal Collection © 2006, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II

Family/Spouse: England, Mrs-Edward I. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Edward married Castile And Léon, QUEEN OF ENGLAND Leonor Princess of on 18 Oct 1254 in , Burgos, Burgos, Spain. Leonor (daughter of Castile And Léon, Fernando Iii "The Saint" King and Dammartin, COUNTESS OF PONTHIEU Jeanne De) was born in 1244 in Of, Burgos, Burgos, Spain; died on 29 Nov 1290 in , Herdeby, Lincolnshire, England; was buried on 16 Dec 1290 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Edward married France, Marguerite Princess of on 8 Sep 1299 in Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England. Marguerite (daughter of France, Philippe Iii King of and Brabant, Marie Princess of) was born in 1275 in Of, Paris, Isle De France, France; died on 14 Feb 1317 in Marlborough Castle, Marlborough, England; was buried in Grey Friars Church, London, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Margaret married Scotland, Alexander Iii King of on 26 Dec 1251 in , York, Yorkshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Beatrice married Bretagne, DUKE OF BRITTANY Jean Ii Duke of on 22 Jan 1259 in , St Denis, Seine-St Denis, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Edmund married Artois, QUEEN OF NAVARRE Blanche D' before 29 Oct 1275 in , Paris, Seine, France. Blanche (daughter of Artois, Robert I Count of and Brabant, Mahaut (Maud) Princess of) was born in 1248 in Of, ArrasFrance; died on 2 May 1302 in Paris, Île-de-France, France; was buried in Minoresses Convent, Aldgate, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Edmund married Forz (Fortibus), COUNTESS OF LANCASTER Aveline De on 9 Apr 1269 in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Died:
Died Young, Westminster, Middlesex, England

Gratney married Bruce, Christina in 1292 in Of Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Christina (daughter of De Brus, EARL OF CARRICK Robert and Carrick, Margaret Countess of) was born about 1273 in Of, Seton, East Lothian, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Kenneth, Earl of Sutherland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Marjory married Strathbogie, EARL OF ATHOL John about 1289 in Of, Mar, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Isabell married Scotland, "de BRUS" Robert I "The Bruce" King of about 1295. Robert (son of De Brus, EARL OF CARRICK Robert and Carrick, Margaret Countess of) was born on 11 Jul 1274 in Writtle, Near Chelmsford, Essex, England; died on 7 Jun 1329 in Cardross, Dunbartonshire, Scotland; was buried in Abbey Church, Dunfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Christened:
Y

William married Ros, Baroness Brewose Mary De about 1269 in Of,Yorkshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

William married Moels, Agnes De in Of, Cadbury, Somersetshire, England. Agnes (daughter of Moels, Nicholas De and Newmarche, Hawise De) was born about 1230 in Of, Cadbury, Somersetshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Multon, Aline. Aline (daughter of Moulton, Thomas De and Vaux, Maud) was born about 1255 in Of, Bramber, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Rus, Alice De. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Eleanor married Aragon, Alphonso on 15 Aug 1282. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Eleanor married Bar-Le-Duc, Henry Iii Count of on 20 Sep 1293 in Bristol, Gloucestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Joan married Clare, EARL OF GLOUCESTER & HERT Gilbert "The Red Earl" De on 30 Apr 1290 in Westminister Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. Gilbert was born on 2 Sep 1243 in , Christchurch, Hampshire, England; died on 7 Dec 1295 in , Monmouth Castle, Monmouthshire, England; was buried on 22 Dec 1295 in Abbey, Tewksbury, Gloucestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Joan married Clare, EARL OF GLOUCESTER & HERT Gilbert "The Red Earl" De on 30 Apr 1290 in Westminister Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. Gilbert (son of Clare, EARL OF GLOUCESTER Richard De and Lacy, COUNTESS OF GLOUCESTER Maud De) was born on 2 Sep 1243 in , Christchurch, Hampshire, England; died on 7 Dec 1295 in , Monmouth Castle, Monmouthshire, England; was buried on 22 Dec 1295 in Abbey, Tewksbury, Gloucestershire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Joan married Monthermer, BARON MONTHERMER Ralph De in Jan 1297 in `Akko, Hazafon, Israel. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Margaret married Jean, DUKE OF LORRAINE AND LIMB "The Peaceable" Duke of Brabant Ii in Westminster Abbey, Westminster, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Died:
Unmarried

Notes:

Died:
Unmarried

Elizabeth married Holland, Jan I Count of on 8 Jan 1297 in Ipswich, Suffolk, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Elizabeth married Bohun, EARL OF HEREFORD & ESSEX Humphrey De on 14 Nov 1302 in , Westminster, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Edward married France, QUEEN OF ENGLAND Isabelle Princess of on 22 Jan 1308 in , Boulogne, Pas-De-Calais, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Thomas married Braose (Brewose), COUNTESS OF NORFOLK Mary "Marshal" De about 1331 in Of, Kent, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Thomas married Hales, COUNTESS OF NORFOLK Alice De about 1318 in Of, Harwich, Essex, England. Alice (daughter of Halys, KNIGHT Roger) was born about 1302 in Of, Harwich, Essex, England; died about 1327. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Died:
executed

Edmund married Wake, COUNTESS OF KENT Margaret on 6 Oct 1325 in , Blisworth, Northamptonshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Thomas married Lacy, COUNTESS OF LINCOLN Alice De before 28 Oct 1294. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Chaworth, Maud De before 2 Mar 1297 in Of, Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire, Wales. Maud (daughter of Chaworth, KNIGHT Patrick De and Beauchamp, Isabel De) was born about 1282 in Of, Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire, Wales; died after 19 Feb 1317; was buried before 3 Dec 1322 in Priory, Mottisfont, Hampshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Died:
Died Young, France